Violent Video Games Contribution To Adolescences’ Behavior

Violent Video Games Contribution to Adolescences’ Behavior Amando Widjaja, 20487851 Motorist in Toronto were in shock when a driver was spotted driving so recklessly on a major highway that the local law enforcement had to be alerted. The reckless driver was driving at about 120km/h which was well over the speed limit for the highway. Soon later after the call, local police officers managed to get the car to a halt and keep the situation safe. The police officer would have never anticipated what about to happen when they got the driver out of the car and interviewed the driver. They found out that the driver was â€Å"†¦ an 11-year-old boy† who â€Å"†¦ had just been finishing playing Grand Theft Auto at home and wanted to find out what it was like†¦show more content†¦The brain is certainly still under development. More specifically, the prefrontal area of the brain that contributes to critical cognitive control systems was under development while the reward system located in the limbic areas is already fully developed (Krause, M et al, 2012, p.424). This evidence shows that people at this age range tend to make risky decision or unable to properly calculate the risk and the reward of an action due to under-developed cognitive system. In addition to that, adolescents tend to take high risk decision because it is the least resistance path or decision for them. The evidence to it is â€Å"adolescents who selected the high-risk choice had less brain activity in their prefrontal cortex than those who selected the low-risk choice †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Krause, M et al, 2012, p.424). Hence, it is no surprise that the 11-year-old boy decided to make high risk and high reward decision because of his under developed cognitive system as well as less energy is required to take such decision. The journal titled â€Å"The American Psychological Association Task Force Assessment of Violent Video Games: Science in the Service of Public Interest† by Calvert, S. L et al, will discuss in greater detail the relation between violent games and its effects on youths (Calvert, S. L et al, 2017, p126). This journal suggests some evidence as to why the boy decided to drive the car, which belongs to the young boy’sShow MoreRelatedMedia Violence And Its Effects1057 Words   |  5 Pagesaggression behavior for years. The impact of exposure to violence in the media the long term development and short term development of aggressive behavior has been documented. Aggression is caused by several factors, of which media violence is one. 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Why Evolution Is True. Oakley T. Lowe. St. Leo’S University.

Why Evolution Is True Oakley T. Lowe St. Leo’s University Abstract Throughout history, there has been a major debate on the theory of evolution. Is it true? The term evolution has been defined many ways, and for the purpose of this paper, I will use the fourth definition from the Merriam-Webster dictionary. â€Å"Evolution is the descent with modification from preexisting species: cumulative inherited change in a population of organisms through time leading to the appearance of new forms: the process by which new species or populations of living things develop from preexisting forms through successive generations.† (Merriam-Webster, 2017) What does this mean and how could it possibly be true? In this paper, I will explain the different ideas†¦show more content†¦(What is Darwin’s Theory of Evolution, 2015) He thought that over time, species would change and adapt in accordance with their environment, allowing for better chances of survival and reproduction. Darwin also believed that all species shared a common ancestor. (Histo ry of Evolutionary Thought, 2017) These theories are still an ongoing debate in our world today and many people don’t believe in evolution. People like Charles Darwin have opened up a doorway for us to piece the earth’s mysterious history together in a way that allows us to get a glimpse of why evolution is true. Much more evidence has been gathered over time and still, some people refuse to accept the fact that evolution is real. They are attached to the simple concepts and statements they have heard over the years that make evolution sound ignorant. I will attempt to go through a plethora of evidence that shows that evolution is not ignorant, but an amazing understanding of how life on earth came to be. Fossils The first piece of evidence towards evolution I would like to talk about is fossils. Over the years, we have collected pieces of evidence all across the globe that show us how much our world has changed. The fossil record has allowed us to put into chronological order, which species lived on the earth at what time. We can find a fossils age using the two main methods of either relative or absolute dating. Relative dating is used to determine a fossils age based off of

Australian Migration Law and Practice Immigration and Border Protecti

Question: Describe about the Australian Migration Law and Practice for Immigration and Border Protection. Answer: 1. Waensila v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection is a landmark judgment with respect to the granting or refusal of granting of a partner visa in Australia. It has overruled the previous judgments and revolutionized the ways in which partner visas are assessed in Australia (Walsh Haag, 2015). Facts of the case are as follows: The appellant is a citizen of Thailand and he married an Australian citizen on September 5, 2010. The appellant applied for temporary and permanent partner visas (under subclasses 820 and 801) on 10 September, 2010. At the time of applying for the visa he had no substantive visa. The visas were refused by the delegate on the ground that the appellant did not satisfy the criteria laid down under Clause 820.211(2)(d)(ii) of the Migration Regulations 1994. The decision of the delegate was appealed in the Tribunal. The tribunal took the same view and confirmed the decision of the delegate. A judicial review was sought in the Federal Circuit Court of Australia (FCCA) by the appellant. The FCCA was also of the same opinion and upheld the decision of the tribunal. The present appeal lies against such decision of the FCCA in the Federal Court of Australia. Arguments involved in the case Clause 820.211(2)(d)(ii) of the Migration Regulations 1994 lays down that that if an applicant of a partner visa is the not the holder of a substantive visa, then he needs to satisfy Criteria 3001, 3003 and 3004 under Schedule 3 of the Regulations at the time of application of the partner visa . However, these criteria can be dispensed with if the Minister is satisfied that there exists compelling reasons (Burn., 2013). In the present case, the appellant did not actually fulfill the above mentioned criteria. The appellant contended that he should be granted a partner visa on the ground that certain compelling reasons existed such as: he would be persecuted if he returned to Thailand as a Thai Muslim citizen; the reunion between him and his wife would never be possible if he returned to Thailand; iii. his marital relationship with his wife would get affected if had to return to Thailand; his wife was suffering from various diseases and she needed continuing care; his wife was financially dependent on him Judgments of the lower courts The contention of the appellant was rejected by all the courts on the ground that the compelling reasons should have existed at the time when the visa application was submitted by the appellant. The lower courts relied on the heading of Clause 820.21 which contains the words at the time of application (Starr, 2016). Decision of the federal Court The Federal Court of Australia, through its judgment on March 11, 2016 reversed the decision of the lower FCCA on appeal. According to Federal Court,the exercise of power of the Minister to dispense with the fulfilment of the requirement as laid down under Schedule 3 cannot be limited to the circumstances which existed at the time of application of visa. The Federal Court relied on Berenguel v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2010) in which the Court, with respect to a similarly worded provision, held that the heading of a provision is not necessarily connected with its terms. Thus, the heading cannot confine the exercise of Ministers power to the compelling reasons which existed in at the time of applying for the visa. The Federal Court observed that the waiver power of the minister is not a criterion in itself. It is a power which has to be exercised to determine whether the criterion under Schedule 3 is to be dispensed with or not. Therefore, the minister may exercise its power even after the application of the visa has been submitted (Castles et al., 2013). Section 65 of the Migration Act, 1958 is also relevant for the purpose of construction of the provisions under the Migration Regulations 1994 (Collins, 2014).Under Section 65, the Minister has the power either to grant or refuse the visa. According to the section, the relevant time at which a minister may determine whether a visa application fulfilled all the relevant criteria or notis the time of making a decision with respect to the granting or refusal of grating of a visa and not the time at which the visa application is applied. Section 55 of the Migration Act also lays down that the Minister must consider all the relevant information before making a decision whether to grant or refuse to grant a visa (Simmons et al., 2013). The decision of the Federal Court is an important and a landmark judgment which seeks to combat the hurdles faced in applying for a partner visa in Australia. If this decision would not have been passed by the Federal Court of Australia, then the applicant would have to return to his own country and apply for a visa application. It would have caused a lot of detriment to the relation of the applicant with his wife. This judgment has undoubtedly opened the floodgates for the claims of partner visas in Australia. As per the reasons of the judgment,a partner visa applicant can be saved from complying with the requirements of Schedule 3,if he can show that there exists compelling reasons which requires the attention of the Minister for granting the visa, irrespective of the fact that the reasons did not exist at the time of application of the visa. This judgment has been delivered in the interest of justice and to reduce the hardship which a person faces while applying for a partner visa . This view of the Court is significant for the unlawful non-citizens who wish to regularise their status in Australia and become lawful citizens afterwards. This judgment has surely impacted the lives partner visa applicants in Australia and has changed the way in which partner visas are assessed in Australia. The Tribunal and the Department will have to change their approach of reviewing partner visa applications and they need to make sure that justice is being done to every single applicant who applies for a partner visa in Australia (Starr, 2016). 2. The Federal Court has utilised the golden rule of interpretation of statute in this case.The golden rule states that if the meaning of words used in a statute is not in accordance with the intention of the legislature and if it leads to some repugnance or absurdity, then the statutes language may be modified or varied so as to avoid such repugnancy or absurdity (Carney, 2015). The golden rule is usually utilised by judges to interpret a statute in such a way so as to give effect to the intention of the legislature (Dharmananda Lane, 2016). In this case, according to the federal Court, the purpose of the legislature was to give greater flexibility to the Minister in determining whether compelling reasons or circumstances exist or not while granting or refusing to grant a partner visa to an applicant. The intention of the legislature was also to avoid the hardship which may be faced by a partner visa applicant. This purpose or intention of the legislature would be defeated if the statute is interpreted in a way so as to limit the circumstances in which such discretion of the Minister is to be exercised. The Federal Court has laid down emphasis on the point that the heading of a provision cannot confine or limit the circumstances in which the Minister has to determine whether or not to grant or refuse to grant a visa. To interpret the statute that the minister would consider the compelling circumstances only at the time when the visa application is submitted would give a narrow meaning to discretionary power of the minist er and would eventually defeat the purpose of the statute. This would cause inconvenience or absurdity and to remove such inconvenience or absurdity, the judges of the Federal Court has applied the golden rule of interpretation of the statute. Thus, in this case, the judiciary has given effect to the intention of the legislature and has avoided to give ordinary meaning to the words of the statute as such meaning would have not served the purpose for which the legislature was enacted (Starr, 2016). References: Burn, J. M. (2013). Reconsideration of visas intended to provide protection and support to people who have experienced human trafficking, slavery and slavery-like practices. Carney, G. (2015). Comparative approaches to statutory interpretation in civil law and common law jurisdictions.Statute Law Review,36(1), 46-58. Castles, S., Hugo, G., Vasta, E. (2013). Rethinking migration and diversity in Australia: introduction.Journal of Intercultural Studies,34(2), 115-121. Collins, G. (2014). President's page: Migration amendments.Precedent (Sydney, NSW), (120), 3. Dharmananda, J., Lane, P. (2016). Teaching Statutory Interpretation in Australia: Whats Next?.Statute Law Review, hmw030. Simmons, F., OBrien, B., David, F., Beacroft, L. (2013). Human trafficking and slavery offenders in Australia.Trends and issues in crime and criminal justice, (464), 1. Starr, D. (2016). Federal court judgments.Ethos: Official Publication of the Law Society of the Australian Capital Territory, (240), 54. Walsh, R., Haag, S. (2015). Immigration: Breaking up is a hard to-do: Dual regulation of migration lawyers set to end.LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal,2(5), 74.